Education reform can broadly be construed to mean the change in any act or experience that has a formative effect on the mind, character or physical ability of an individual. In its technical sense, education reform is the change in the process by which society deliberately transmits and develops its accumulated knowledge, skills, and values from one generation to another. Throughout history and the present day, the meaning and methods of education have changed through debates over what content or experiences result in an educated individual or an educated society.
Many reformers focused on reforming society by reforming education on more scientific, humanistic, pragmatic or democratic principles. John Dewey, and Anton Makarenko are prominent examples of such reformers.
Some reformers incorporated several motivations, e.g. Maria Montessori, who both "educated for peace" (a social goal), and to "meet the needs of the child," (A humanistic goal.)
In historic Prussia, an important motivation for the invention of Kindergarten was to foster national unity by teaching a national language while children were young enough that learning a language was easy.
It's clear that reform has taken many forms and directions. Throughout history and the present day, the meaning and methods of education have changed through debates over what content or experiences result in an educated individual or an educated society.
Changes may be implemented by individual educators and/or by broad-based school organization and/or by curriculum changes with performance evaluations.
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